Expert System Industry In China

The expert system market in the People’s Republic of China is a quickly establishing multi-billion dollar market. The roots of China’s AI development started in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms stressing science and innovation as the nation’s main productive force.

The initial phases of China’s AI advancement were slow and encountered substantial obstacles due to absence of resources and talent. At the beginning China lagged the majority of Western countries in terms of AI advancement. A bulk of the research was led by scientists who had actually gotten higher education abroad. [1]

Since 2006, the government of individuals’s Republic of China has gradually established a national program for synthetic intelligence advancement and emerged as among the leading countries in synthetic intelligence research and advancement. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) released its thirteenth five-year plan in which it aimed to end up being a worldwide AI leader by 2030. [3]

The State Council has a list of « nationwide AI teams » consisting of fifteen China-based companies, including Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation required] Each business must lead the development of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial acknowledgment, software/hardware, and speech acknowledgment. China’s rapid AI advancement has substantially impacted Chinese society in many areas, including the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, lodging and food services, and production are the leading industries that would be the most affected by additional AI deployment.

The personal sector, university laboratories, and the armed force are working collaboratively in many elements as there are few current existing limits. [4] In 2021, China published the Data Security Law of individuals’s Republic of China, its very first national law addressing AI-related ethical issues. In October 2022, the United States federal government announced a series of export controls and trade constraints intended to restrict China’s access to innovative computer chips for AI applications. [5] [6]

Concerns have actually been raised about the results of the Chinese federal government’s censorship program on the advancement of generative artificial intelligence and skill acquisition with state of the country’s demographics. [7] [8]

History

The research study and advancement of synthetic intelligence in China began in the 1980s, with the statement by Deng Xiaoping of the significance of science and innovation for China’s financial growth. [3]

Late 1970s to early 2010s

Expert system research and advancement did not begin until the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping’s financial reforms. [3] While there was an absence of AI-related research between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars think this is because of the impact of cybernetics from the Soviet Union regardless of the Sino-Soviet split during the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese scientists released AI research led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, throughout the time, China’s society still had a generally conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI advancement in China was tough so China’s government approached these difficulties by sending out Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and additional offering federal government funds for research projects. The Chinese Association for Expert System (CAAI) was established in September 1981 and was authorized by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who got a PhD in philosophy from Harvard University. [citation needed] In 1987, China’s very first research study publication on expert system was published by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, wise automation and intelligence have actually become part of China’s nationwide technology strategy. [9]

Since the 2000s, the Chinese federal government has actually even more broadened its research study and development funds for AI and the number of government-sponsored research jobs has dramatically increased. [3] In 2006, China revealed a policy priority for the advancement of expert system, which was consisted of in the National Medium and Long Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), launched by the State Council. [2] In the very same year, expert system was likewise pointed out in the l lth five-year strategy. [11]

In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Expert System (AAAI) established a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At exact same year, the Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology Award was established in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it ended up being the highest award for Chinese achievements in the field of synthetic intelligence. The first award ceremony was held on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) was kept in Beijing, marking the very first time the conference was kept in China. This event accompanied the Chinese government’s statement of the « Chinese Intelligence Year, » a considerable milestone in China’s development of expert system. [12]

Late 2010s to early 2020s

The State Council of China issued « A Next Generation Expert System Development Plan » (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the file, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council urged governing bodies in China to promote the advancement of artificial intelligence. Specifically, the strategy explained AI as a strategic innovation that has actually become a « focus of global competitors ». [14]:2 The file urged considerable financial investment in a variety of strategic areas related to AI and called for close cooperation in between the state and economic sectors. On the celebration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the very first plenary meeting of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University wrote in the PLA Daily that the « transferability of social resources » in between financial and military ends is an important component to being an excellent power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017, »expert system plus » was proposed to be elevated to a strategic level. [16] The same year witnessed the development of several application-level uses in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) developed their AI processor chip research laboratory in Nanjing, and presented their first AI expertise chip, Cambrian. [citation needed]

In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in collaboration with Tencent’s subsidiary Sogou, launched its first synthetic intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]

In 2018, the State Council budgeted $2.1 billion for an AI commercial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to accomplish this the State Council stated the need for enormous skill acquisition, theoretical and practical developments, along with public and private financial investments. [14] A few of the mentioned inspirations that the State Council offered for pursuing its AI technique consist of the capacity of expert system for commercial improvement, much better social governance and maintaining social stability. [14] Since completion of 2020, Shanghai’s Pudong District had 600 AI business across fundamental, technical, and application layers, with related industries valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]

In 2019, the application of expert system broadened to various fields such as quantum physics, geography, and medical research study. With the development of big language designs (LLMs), at the start of 2020, Chinese scientists began establishing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal large model called ‘Zidongtaichu.’ [23]

The Beijing Academy of Expert system released China’s first large scale pre-trained language design in 2022. [24] [25]:283

In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued the guidelines concerning deepfakes, which ended up being reliable in January 2023. [26]

In July 2023, Huawei launched its version 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]

In July 2023, China released its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Expert System Services. [28]:96 A draft proposal on standard generative AI services safety requirements, including specs for data collection and model training was released in October 2023. [28]:96

Also in October 2023, the Chinese federal government introduced its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Community of Common Destiny and aims to build AI policy discussion with establishing countries. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has revealed issue over AI safety threats, including abuse of data or making use of AI by terrorists. [28]:93

In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda campaign of the Ministry of Public Security, began using news anchors developed with generative expert system to deliver phony news clips. [18]

In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang launched the AI+ Initiative, which intends to incorporate AI into China’s real economy. [28]:95

In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China revealed that it presented a large language model trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]

According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China’s biggest LLM market share with 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in profits over the in 2015. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the third largest. The fourth and fifth biggest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong listed AI company 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were applauded by financiers as China’s new « AI Tigers ». [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI models had actually been approved by the Chinese government. [33]

As of 2024, many Chinese innovation companies such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have actually released AI video-generation tools to rival OpenAI’s Sora. [34]

Chronology of significant AI-related policies

Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs

National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Infotech

Government objectives

According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a New American Security, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping – thinks that being at the leading edge of AI technology will be critical to the future of international military and financial power competitors. [35] By 2025, the State Council goes for China to make basic contributions to basic AI theory and to solidify its location as a worldwide leader in AI research study. Further, the State Council goes for AI to become « the main driving force for China’s commercial updating and financial transformation » by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council intends to have China be the worldwide leader in the advancement of synthetic intelligence theory and technology. The State Council declares that China will have established a « fully grown new-generation AI theory and innovation system. » [14]

According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese federal government « seeks to blend state preparation and control while some functional flexibility for firms. In this context, China’s AI firms are hybrid players. The state guides their activity, funds, and guards them from foreign competitors through domestic market defenses, producing asymmetric benefits as they broaden offshore. » [36]

The CCP’s fourteenth five-year plan declared AI as a top research top priority and ranks AI first among « frontier industries » that the Chinese federal government intends to focus on through 2035. [3] The AI industry is a tactical sector often supported by China’s federal government assistance funds. [37]:167

Research and advancement

Chinese public AI financing mainly concentrated on sophisticated and applied research. [38] The federal government funding also supported multiple AI R&D in the economic sector through equity capital that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic agency research study revealed that, while China is massively purchasing all aspects of AI development, facial acknowledgment, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and autonomous cars are AI sectors with the most attention and funding. [39]

According to nationwide guidance on establishing China’s state-of-the-art commercial advancement zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county picked as an experimental advancement zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI development in speculative locations. However, the focus of AI R&D differed depending upon cities and local industrial development and ecosystem. For example, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong production market, heavily focuses on automation and AI facilities while Wuhan focuses more on AI applications and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech companies, and nationwide ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI labs. [25]:282

In 2016 and 2017, Chinese groups won the top reward at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, an international competition for computer vision systems. [41] Much of these systems are now being incorporated into China’s domestic surveillance network. [42]

Interdisciplinary cooperations play a necessary function in China’s AI R&D, including academic-corporate partnership, public-private partnerships, and worldwide cooperations and projects with corporate-government collaborations are the most typical. [1] China ranked in the leading three around the world following the United States and the European Union for the total number of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic collaboration between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an AI index report, China surpassed the U.S. in 2020 in the overall number of worldwide AI-related journal citations. [43] In regards to AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI papers are generally sponsored by the government. In May 2021, China’s Beijing Academy of Expert system launched the world’s biggest pre-trained language design (WuDao). [44]

As of 2023, 47% of the world’s top AI researchers had actually completed their undergraduate research studies in China. [28]:101

According to academic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese government has actually been proactive in managing AI services and enforcing responsibilities on AI companies, the general approach to its regulation is loose and shows a pro-growth policy beneficial to China’s AI industry. [28]:96 In July 2024, the federal government opened its first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]

Population

China’s large population creates a massive amount of available data for companies and scientists, which uses an essential advantage in the race of big information. Since 2024 [update], China has the world’s biggest variety of web users, generating substantial quantities of information for artificial intelligence and AI applications. [46]:18

Facial acknowledgment

Facial recognition is one of the most extensively utilized AI applications in China. Collecting these big amounts of information from its residents assists further train and broaden AI capabilities. China’s market is not just conducive and valuable for corporations to further AI R&D but also provides tremendous economic potential bring in both global and domestic firms to sign up with the AI market. The drastic advancement of the information and interaction technology (ICT) market and AI chipsets in recent years are 2 examples of this. [47] China has ended up being the world’s largest exporter of facial recognition technology, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]

Censorship and material controls

In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) issued draft steps mentioning that tech companies will be obliged to ensure AI-generated content promotes the ideology of the CCP including Core Socialist Values, prevents discrimination, appreciates copyright rights, and safeguards user information. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft measures, companies bear legal responsibility for training information and content produced through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese government mandated that generative synthetic intelligence-produced material might not « prompt subversion of state power or the overthrowing of the socialist system. » [51] Before launching a big language model to the general public, companies should look for approval from the CAC to accredit that the design refuses to respond to specific questions associating with political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions connected to politically delicate subjects such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre or contrasts in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh must be declined. [52]

In 2023, in-country gain access to was obstructed to Hugging Face, a business that keeps libraries containing training data sets commonly utilized for large language models. [8] A subsidiary of individuals’s Daily, the official paper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, offers regional companies with training information that CCP leaders think about allowable. [8] In 2024, individuals’s Daily launched a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]

Microsoft has warned that the Chinese government utilizes generative synthetic intelligence to interfere in foreign elections by spreading out disinformation and provoking discussions on dissentious political concerns. [54] [55] [56]

The Chinese expert system model DeepSeek has been reported to decline to address questions relating to aspects of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, contrasts between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]

Impact

Economic effect

Most companies [who?] hold positive views about AI’s financial effect on China’s long-lasting economic growth. In the past, conventional industries in China have actually had problem with the boost in labor costs due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the deployment of AI, operational costs are anticipated to minimize while a boost in efficiency creates income growth. [60] Some highlight the importance of a clear policy and governmental support in order to conquer adoption barriers consisting of costs and lack of properly trained technical skills and AI awareness. [61] However, there are concerns about China’s deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income workers might be the most negatively impacted by China’s AI advancement because of rising demands for laborers with sophisticated abilities. [61] Furthermore, China’s economic growth may be disproportionately divided as a majority of AI-related industrial advancement is concentrated in seaside regions instead of inland. [61]

A prominent choice by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that AI-generated material is to copyright security. [28]:98

Military effect

China seeks to develop a « world-class » armed force by « intelligentization » with a particular focus on using unmanned weapons and artificial intelligence. [62] [63] It is investigating various kinds of air, land, sea, and undersea autonomous lorries. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military showed an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 uninhabited aerial automobiles at an airshow. A media report launched later on revealed a computer simulation of a comparable swarm development finding and destroying a missile launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications suggested that China is likewise establishing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese advancement of military AI is mainly influenced by China’s observation of U.S. prepare for defense innovation and worries of a broadening « generational space » in contrast to the U.S. armed force. Similar to U.S. military ideas, China aims to use AI for making use of big troves of intelligence, producing a common operating picture, and speeding up battlefield decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is considered China’s response to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) technique, which looks for to integrate sensing units and weapons with AI and an energetic network. [65] [66]

Twelve categories of military applications of AI have actually been identified: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, intelligent munitions, intelligent satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software application, automated cyber defense software, automated cyberattack software application, decision assistance, software application, automated missile launch software, and cognitive electronic warfare software application. [67]

China’s management of its AI community contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In general, couple of boundaries exist between Chinese industrial companies, university lab, the military, and the central government. As an outcome, the Chinese federal government has a direct ways of directing AI advancement top priorities and accessing technology that was seemingly developed for civilian purposes. To even more enhance these ties the Chinese government produced a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is intended to speed the transfer of AI technology from industrial business and research organizations to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese government is leveraging both lower barriers to information collection and lower expenses of data labeling to produce the large databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one price quote, China is on track to possess 20% of the world’s share of data by 2020, with the possible to have over 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12

China’s centrally directed effort is buying the U.S. AI market, in business dealing with militarily relevant AI applications, potentially approving it legal access to U.S. innovation and copyright. [69] Chinese endeavor capital investment in U.S. AI business in between 2010 and 2017 amounted to an estimated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration released an executive order to avoid foreign financial investments, « especially those from rival or adversarial nations, » from purchasing U.S. innovation companies, due to U.S. nationwide security concerns. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. technologies in which Chinese government has actually been investing, including « microelectronics, expert system, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] advanced clean energy. » [71] [72]

In 2024, scientists from the People’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have actually developed a military tool using Llama, which Meta Platforms said was unapproved due to its model use prohibition for military purposes. [73] [74]

Academia

Although in 2004, Peking University presented the very first academic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to adopt AI as a discipline, particularly considering that China faces difficulties in recruiting and maintaining AI engineers and researchers. [21] Over half of the data researchers in the United States have been operating in the field for over ten years, while approximately the same percentage of data scientists in China have less than 5 years of experience. As of 2017, less than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused specialists and research study items. [61]:8 Although China exceeded the United States in the variety of research study documents produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its released documents, as evaluated by peer citations, ranked 34th globally. [75] China particularly want to resolve military applications therefore the Beijing Institute of Technology, one of China’s premier institutes for weapons research, just recently established the first children’s curriculum in military AI worldwide. [76]

In 2019, 34% of Chinese students studying in the AI field stayed in China for work. [77] According to a database preserved by an American thinktank, the percentage increased to 58% in 2022. [77]

Ethical concerns

For the past years, there are discussions about AI security and ethical concerns in both personal and public sectors. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology released the first nationwide ethical guideline, ‘the New Generation of Expert System Ethics Code’ on the topic of AI with particular emphasis on user security, information personal privacy, and security. [78] This document acknowledges the power of AI and fast technology adaptation by the huge corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that human beings shall stay completely decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence published the Beijing AI concepts requiring necessary requirements in long-lasting research study and planning of AI ethical principles. [79]

Data security has been the most common subject in AI ethical discussion worldwide, and lots of nationwide federal governments have actually established legislation addressing information privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of individuals’s Republic of China was enacted in 2017 aiming to attend to new challenges raised by AI advancement. [80] [initial research study?] In 2021, China’s brand-new Data Security Law (DSL) was passed by the PRC congress, setting up a regulatory structure categorizing all type of information collection and storage in China. [81] This implies all tech companies in China are needed to categorize their data into categories listed in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow particular guidelines on how to govern and deal with data transfers to other parties. [81]

Judicial system

In 2019, the city of Hangzhou developed a pilot program synthetic intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disagreements related to ecommerce and internet-related copyright claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court via videoconference and AI assesses the proof provided and uses pertinent legal requirements. [82]:124

Because some controversial cases that drew public criticism for their low punishments have actually been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are issues about whether AI based on fragmented judicial information can reach objective choices. [83] Zhang Linghan, teacher of law at the China University of Government and Law, composes that AI-technology companies might deteriorate judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that « increasing party management, political oversight, and decreasing the discretionary space of judges are intentional goals of SCR [clever court reform] » [85]

Leading business

Leading AI-centric business and start-ups include Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese AI business iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have actually gotten attention for facial acknowledgment, sound acknowledgment and drone innovations. [87]

China’s government takes a market-oriented technique to AI, and has looked for to encourage private tech business in developing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as « AI champions ». [25]:281

In 2023, Tencent debuted its big language design Hunyuan for enterprise use on Tencent Cloud. [88]

New leading AI startups consist of Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were applauded by investors as China’s brand-new « AI Tigers » in 2024. [32] 01. AI has actually also been touted as a leading start-up. [89]

Assessment

Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese federal government’s commitment to international AI leadership and technological competitors was driven by its previous underperformance in development which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of embarrassment. [90] According to Zeng, there are traditionally ingrained causes of China’s anxiety towards securing a worldwide technological dominance – China missed out on both industrial revolutions, the one beginning in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that came from America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China’s federal government desires to benefit from the technological transformation in today’s world led by digital technology including AI to resume China’s « rightful » location and to pursue the nationwide rejuvenation proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]

A post published by the Center for a New American Security concluded that « Chinese federal government authorities demonstrated extremely keen understanding of the issues surrounding AI and international security. This consists of knowledge of the U.S. AI policy conversations, » and suggested that « the U.S. policymaking community to likewise prioritize cultivating proficiency and understanding of AI advancements in China » and « funding, focus, and a desire amongst U.S. policymakers to drive massive essential change. » [35] A short article in the MIT Technology Review likewise concluded: « China might have exceptional resources and massive untapped potential, however the West has world-leading knowledge and a strong research culture. Rather than fret about China’s progress, it would be wise for Western countries to focus on their existing strengths, investing greatly in research and education.  » [91]

The Chinese government’s censorship routine has stunted the development of generative synthetic intelligence [7] [8]

In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations wrote that the development of AI develops difficulties for holistic national security, including the threats that AI will increase social tensions or have destabilizing results on worldwide relations. [28]:49

Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics consisting of Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong compete that capitalist application of AI will cause higher oppression of employees and more severe social issues. [28]:90 Gao cites how the advancement of AI has increased the power of platform companies like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, resulting in greater capital accumulation and political power in fewer financial stars. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state ought to be the primary accountable actor in the location of generative AI (developing new material like music or video). [28]:92 Gao composes that military usage of AI dangers escalating military competitors in between nations and that the effect of AI in military matters will not be restricted to one country but will have spillover impacts. [28]:91

Dialogues in between Chinese and Western AI professionals about the existential risk from expert system have happened. [92]

Public ballot

The Chinese public is typically positive regarding AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 research study carried out across 28 nations discovered that 78% of the Chinese public thinks the advantages of AI surpass the risks, the greatest of any nation in the research study. [25]:283 In 2024, a survey of elite Chinese university students discovered that 80% concurred or highly agreed that AI will do more great than damage for society, and 31% believed it should be regulated by the federal government. [93]

Human rights

The widely utilized AI facial recognition has raised concerns. [94] According to The New York Times, implementation of AI facial recognition innovation in the Xinjiang area to discover Uyghurs is « the first recognized example of a federal government deliberately using expert system for racial profiling, » [95] which is stated to be « among the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism. » [96] Researchers have found that in China, locations experiencing higher rates of unrest are connected with increased state acquisition of AI facial acknowledgment technology, especially by local community police departments. [97] [98]

Artificial intelligence.
Expert system arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer system
List of expert system companies
Regulation of synthetic intelligence

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Further reading

Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.